CPJ Names World's
Worst Places To Be A Journalist
New York, May 3, 2002-The
Committee to Protect Journalists marks World Press Freedom Day by naming the
world's worst places to be a journalist-10 places whose dangers and restrictions
represent the full range of current threats to press freedom.
At the top of the list is the West Bank, where Israeli prime minister Ariel
Sharon's government has used extraordinary force to keep journalists from
covering its recent military incursion. Next is Colombia, where violent
reprisals against the press by all factions in the civil conflict have made this
the most deadly beat in the Western Hemisphere. Meanwhile, dangers persist in
Afghanistan, where eight journalists were killed in the line of duty in late
2001, and where U.S. government actions have hindered independent reporting on
the war. CPJ also placed Eritrea, Belarus, Burma, Zimbabwe, Iran, Kyrgyzstan,
and Cuba on the list of worst places to be a journalist.
"In these countries where press freedom is under attack, journalists endure
violent assaults, crackdowns by authoritarian regimes, danger from military
operations, and harsh financial reprisals designed to bankrupt independent
voices," said CPJ executive director Ann Cooper.
"Incredibly, in many of these places, journalists still manage to report the
news-even under extremely difficult circumstances and at great personal risk,"
said Cooper.
World's Worst
Places to be a Journalist
West Bank
When Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon launched a massive military offensive
in the West Bank in late March, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) used threats,
intimidation, and, in some cases, potentially lethal force to prevent
journalists from covering its military operations. In one notorious incident,
IDF troops fired stun grenades and rubber bullets at reporters waiting outside
the Ramallah compound of Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. IDF soldiers have
also fired live rounds at working reporters, detained several journalists,
confiscated film or press cards from others, ransacked the offices of private
West Bank television and radio stations, and repeatedly attacked the Palestinian
National Authority's broadcasting facilities in violation of international
humanitarian law. Meanwhile, Israeli officials have expelled one foreign
correspondent and refused to accredit Palestinian journalists.
Palestinian militants have also harassed journalists, particularly photographers
who captured unflattering images. On April 1 in Bethlehem, for example,
militants forced reporters to hand over footage of the body of an alleged
Palestinian collaborator who had been shot in a parking lot.
Colombia
With 29 journalists murdered in the last decade, the Colombian press has paid a
terrible price for reporting the news. But in the past, journalists at least
felt that they had the support of the population and the government while they
reported on drug trafficking, corruption, and violence committed by both leftist
guerrillas and right-wing paramilitaries. Now, at a time when Colombia's civil
conflict is intensifying and all sides are less tolerant of criticism, some
politicians are fueling the fire by accusing the press of bias.
Leftist rebels have silenced a local radio station and allegedly tried to attack
a television news studio with a ground-fired rocket. Right-wing forces that have
acknowledged murdering several journalists have publicly accused the press of
having "poisonous spirits." Top journalists are fleeing into exile, and others
are in hiding. Meanwhile, presidential front-runner Álvaro Uribe Vélez, who has
been questioned about his alleged ties to paramilitary forces and drug
traffickers, has noted, "...a free press is one thing, and a press at the
service of straw men and shady deals is another thing." Presidential elections
are scheduled for May 26.
Afghanistan
In November 2001, eight journalists were killed reporting on the U.S.-led
military offensive in the country, and post-Taliban Afghanistan remains
dangerous and chaotic. But U.S. government actions have also hampered
independent reporting. CPJ documented three instances where journalists were
forcibly prevented from covering U.S. military activities in Afghanistan. In one
case, U.S. soldiers threatened to shoot a Washington Post reporter who was
attempting to report on a U.S. missile strike that may have killed a group of
civilians in eastern Afghanistan. In mid-November, U.S. bombs destroyed the
Kabul bureau of the Qatar-based Arabic satellite channel Al-Jazeera. To date,
Pentagon officials have provided no evidence to back their claim that the
building was "a known al-Qaeda facility."
Eritrea
This tiny Red Sea nation is now Africa's foremost jailer of journalists, with at
least 13 reporters behind bars and the entire private press banned since
September. President Isaias Afewerki's government variously accuses independent
journalists of "endangering national unity," of not having proper licenses, and
of evading the compulsory national service program. The ruling party tightly
controls the state media. Even so, authorities arrested three state media
employees in mid-February. One was charged with treason for giving a tape of a
local television program to a foreign diplomat. The Afewerki government has been
unfazed by persistent international denunciation of its human rights record and
continues to dismiss foreign critics as enemies of Eritrea.
Belarus
A dogged group of journalists is doing its best to cover local news despite the
efforts of President Aleksandr Lukashenko, who clings to power via Soviet-style
repression. In the months prior to Lukashenko's controversial September
re-election, tax officials seized equipment from media organizations, froze
their bank accounts, and installed a senior government official as head of the
publishing house that prints most independent newspapers in the capital, Minsk.
Meanwhile, authorities made little progress investigating the disappearance of
Dmitry Zavadsky, a television cameraman who vanished on July 7, 2000. Although
two former members of the Belarusian special forces were recently convicted of
kidnapping Zavadsky, his body has not been found and prosecutors have not
pursued credible leads implicating senior government officials in the
disappearance.
Burma
Journalists in Burma work under impossible conditions, forbidden by state
censors from publishing almost anything of substance and subject to imprisonment
for the slightest expression of dissent. The government owns all electronic
media and controls print publications through capricious licensing requirements.
Public access to the Internet is restricted to a limited number of Web sites
screened and approved by military authorities. During the past few months,
secret talks between members of the ruling military junta and opposition leader
Daw Aung San Suu Kyi have led many to hope that change may be on the horizon.
While these negotiations have resulted in the release of more than 200 political
prisoners, including a few journalists, they have so far yielded no real reform.
Zimbabwe
Once known for its vigorous and largely uncensored independent press, Zimbabwe
has become a hostile environment for local reporters and foreign correspondents
alike. During the past two years alone, President Robert Mugabe's government has
detained more than 50 journalists, tortured at least two, and filed over three
dozen lawsuits against reporters and their news outlets. Police and
pro-government vigilantes have attacked several journalists, while the
independent Daily News has suffered three bomb attacks since 2000.
After September 11, 2001, the Mugabe government adapted White House rhetoric to
brand journalists and other critics as "terrorists." Two recent pieces of
legislation, the Access to Information and Protection of Privacy Act and the
Public Order and Security Act, effectively outlaw all criticism of Mugabe.
Iran
While Iran boasts a relatively lively press, the country's
conservative-controlled courts relentlessly cracked down on liberal newspapers
in the past two years. Since April 2000, when Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali
Khamenei delivered a fiery speech accusing the country's reformist press of
being foreign agents, the courts have closed at least 47 publications, most of
which backed President Mohammed Khatami's reform movement. Dozens of journalists
have been detained, summoned to court, and prosecuted for their writings. Others
are appealing pending prison sentences or have been fined and barred from
practicing their profession. Today, at least three are jailed in connection with
their journalistic work.
Kyrgyzstan
Kyrgyzstan is rapidly losing its reputation as an "island of democracy" in
Central Asia. Emboldened by the growing number of U.S. troops in Kyrgyzstan,
President Askar Akayev has used the threat of international terrorism as an
excuse to curb political dissent and suppress the independent and opposition
media. Compliant courts often issue exorbitant damage awards in politically
motivated libel suits, driving the country's most prominent newspapers to the
brink of bankruptcy. The state publishing house refused to print several
newspapers that criticized Akayev. Meanwhile, officials found legal excuses to
cancel the licenses of several independent papers.
Cuba
The Cuban government is determined to crush independent journalism on the island
but has not yet succeeded. A small but growing group of journalists report the
news as they see it and tell the world by dictating (and faxing) their stories
down static-filled phone lines to their colleagues abroad. The stories, on human
rights abuses, petty corruption, and the travails of daily life, are posted on
the Internet and at times broadcast back into Cuba. Journalists are constantly
followed, harassed, intimidated, and sometimes jailed. While two imprisoned
journalists were recently released from prison, Bernardo Arévalo Padrón, jailed
since 1997, is serving a six-year sentence for "disrespecting" President Fidel
Castro Ruz. He is the only journalist in the Americas currently behind bars for
his work.